A bowel or intestinal obstruction is a potentially serious condition that requires prompt medical attention.
We asked Dr Maré du Plessis to answer some of the most common questions patients have about this condition.
What is an intestinal obstruction?
An intestinal obstruction occurs when the normal movement of food, fluid, and gas through the intestines is partially or completely blocked. This blockage can affect either the small intestine or the large intestine (colon). When this happens, the bowel cannot function properly, leading to a build-up of pressure and contents above the blockage.
What causes intestinal obstruction?
There are several possible causes. In adults, common causes include scar tissue (adhesions) from previous abdominal surgery, hernias, tumours, inflammation, or twisting of the bowel (volvulus). In some cases, the bowel may stop working temporarily without a physical blockage – a condition known as ileus. The underlying cause often determines how urgently treatment is needed.
What symptoms should I be aware of?
Symptoms can vary depending on the severity and location of the obstruction, but often include cramping abdominal pain, bloating, nausea, vomiting, constipation, and an inability to pass gas. Some patients may also experience abdominal swelling or worsening pain over time. “Persistent or worsening abdominal symptoms should never be ignored,” says Dr Du Plessis.
How is intestinal obstruction diagnosed?
Diagnosis typically starts with a clinical examination and a detailed medical history. Imaging studies such as X-rays or CT scans are commonly used to confirm the diagnosis and identify the cause and location of the obstruction. Blood tests may also be done to assess dehydration, infection, or other complications.
How is intestinal obstruction treated?
Treatment depends on the cause and severity of symptoms. Some partial obstructions can be managed conservatively – with hospital admission for close monitoring, where intravenous fluids are administered and bowel rest is facilitated. In other cases – particularly complete obstructions, strangulation of the bowel, or signs of infection – surgery may be required to relieve the blockage and prevent serious complications.
When should I see a specialist?
You should seek urgent medical attention if you experience ongoing abdominal pain, repeated vomiting, abdominal distension, or an inability to pass stool or gas.
Dr Du Plessis advises that “any suspected bowel obstruction should be assessed as a matter of urgency, as delays can increase the risk of complications and make treatment more complex.